thesciencenotes

Infographic explaining protein folding showing primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures along with molecular chaperones and protein misfolding diseases.

March 14, 2026 Biochemistry Biology

Protein Folding & Structure: Why 3D Conformation Determines Life

Explore how amino acids fold into proteins. Learn about alpha-helices, hydrophobic effect, molecular chaperones, and why misfolding leads to Alzheimer’s. Read more

diagram showing the four levels of protein structure including primary amino acid sequence, secondary alpha helix and beta sheet, tertiary folded protein, and quaternary protein complex.

March 14, 2026 Biochemistry Biology

Protein Structure: The 4 Levels of Protein Organization Explained

Explore the four levels of protein structure, from primary amino acid sequences to complex 3D folding and multi-subunit quaternary complexes. Read more

Hand drawn diagram showing amino acid structure with amino group, carboxyl group, R group and categorized list of amino acids including nonpolar, polar, acidic and basic types.

March 14, 2026 Biochemistry Biology

Amino Acids and Proteins: Structure, Peptide Bond Formation, and Biological Functions

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Learn about protein structure, amino acids, peptide bond, and functions. Read more

Infographic showing the mechanism of action of Teclistamab where the bispecific antibody binds BCMA on myeloma cells and CD3 on T cells to activate cytotoxic T-cell signaling and tumor cell killing.

March 12, 2026March 12, 2026 Cancer Immunology

Teclistamab in Multiple Myeloma: Mechanism, Structure and Clinical Trial Results

Teclistamab is a BCMA × CD3 bispecific antibody that redirects T cells to kill multiple myeloma cells in relapsed patients. Read more

Infographic showing BCMA-targeted therapies for multiple myeloma including bispecific antibody teclistamab, CAR-T cell therapy, and antibody-drug conjugate belantamab mafodotin.

March 12, 2026March 12, 2026 Cancer Immunology

BCMA-Targeted Therapies in Multiple Myeloma: Teclistamab vs CAR-T vs Antibody-Drug Conjugates

Compare BCMA therapies in multiple myeloma including Teclistamab, CAR-T therapy, and antibody-drug conjugates with mechanisms and clinical outcomes. Read more

BCMA signaling pathway cartoon diagram showing NF-κB, PI3K-AKT, and MAPK pathways activated by BCMA in multiple myeloma cells

March 12, 2026March 12, 2026 Cancer Immunology

BCMA Signaling Pathway in Multiple Myeloma: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Targeting

BCMA signaling drives plasma cell survival in multiple myeloma through BAFF/APRIL activation of NF-κB, PI3K-AKT, and MAPK pathways. Read more

A scientific table comparing five bispecific antibodies. The top rows show structural designs: a BiTE (Blinatumomab) and four IgG-like structures (Mosunetuzumab, Epcoritamab, Glofitamab, and Odronextamab). The bottom panel illustrates "Mechanism & Pharmacokinetics," showing tissue penetration, T-cell engagement levels, and PK curves for each molecule.

March 12, 2026March 12, 2026 Cancer Immunology

Bispecific Antibodies in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanism, Types and Clinical Applications

Explore the structural design, mechanism of action, and clinical applications of bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy for targeted tumor killing. Read more

Infographic showing Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle including oocyst excretion, transmission through contaminated water and food, excystation, multiplication, and autoinfection.

March 2, 2026March 12, 2026 Microbiology

Cryptosporidiosis: Causes, Life Cycle, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Prevention

Learn about cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium parvum: life cycle, watery diarrhea symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention tips for healthy and immunocompromised individuals. Read more