thesciencenotes

Proteins and amino acids showing 3D protein folding, peptide bond formation, and primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, with labeled amino acid side chains.

February 21, 2026 Biochemistry

Proteins and Amino Acids: Structure, Function, and Biological Importance

Proteins are the molecular machines of life. Every cell in every living... Read more

Infographic showing monocyte differentiation into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages via GM-CSF and LPS/IFN-gamma, and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages via M-CSF and IL-4, including 6-well plate culture steps and morphology differences.

February 21, 2026 Immunology

Monocyte Differentiation: Protocol for M1 and M2 Macrophage Polarization

In the sophisticated landscape of immunology, macrophages represent the frontline of innate... Read more

A scientific infographic titled "9 Hallmarks of Cancer." The image features a central circular diagram of a tumor microenvironment with blood vessels and immune cells, surrounded by nine colorful teardrop-shaped sections. Each section explains a hallmark, such as "Proliferative Signaling" or "Immune Evasion," listing associated genes like KRAS, TP53, and VEGF. The bottom includes a "Systemic Interactions" bar and the credit "www.thesciencenotes.com."

February 5, 2026February 5, 2026 Cancer

Hallmarks of Cancer: How Tumors Grow, Spread, and Resist Treatment

Comprehensive guide on cancer hallmarks, tumor microenvironment, systemic effects, and therapeutic strategies for students. Read more

A detailed graphical abstract illustrating the microplastic lifecycle. At the top, "Anthropogenic Sources" like plastic waste, textiles, tires, and agriculture release primary and secondary microplastics. A central circular diagram shows their transport through Marine, Freshwater, Terrestrial, and Atmospheric compartments, highlighting chemical adsorption and microbial colonization. The bottom section depicts a food-chain transfer web leading to a human silhouette, illustrating exposure via ingestion and inhalation, resulting in systemic distribution and inflammatory responses.

February 5, 2026 Biology

Microplastics Pollution: Global Sources, Environmental Distribution, and Impacts on Ecosystems and Human Health

In-depth review examining microplastics sources, environmental pathways, biological effects, and risks to human health. Read more

A horizontal infographic on a white background titled "THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD" in bold navy blue text. The flowchart features eight interconnected light blue boxes, each containing a dark blue icon and a label. The steps are: Observation (magnifying glass), Question (thought bubble), Hypothesis (lightbulb), Experiment (beaker), Data (bar graph), Analysis (document with magnifying glass), Conclusion (checkmark icon), and Repeat (circular arrows). Arrows point from left to right between each box, and the website URL "www.thesciencenotes.com" is printed in the bottom right corner.

February 5, 2026February 5, 2026 Biology

The Scientific Method: A Complete Student Lab Manual

Student lab guide to the scientific method: steps, examples, worksheet, quiz, hypotheses, controls, analysis. Read more

Hand-drawn educational diagram of an atom's electron shells and energy levels, using blue ink for low-energy inner shells and red ink to highlight high-energy valence electrons.

February 5, 2026 Biochemistry Chemistry

Electrons and Energy Levels: Electron Shells, Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding

Electrons orbit atoms in energy levels, forming valence electrons that drive chemical bonding and element behavior. Read more

Hand-drawn atomic structure diagram showing a central nucleus with protons and neutrons, surrounded by a shaded electron cloud and handwritten labels for atomic number and charges.

February 5, 2026February 5, 2026 Biochemistry Chemistry

Atomic Structure: Atoms and the Subatomic Particles

Explore atomic structure, subatomic particles, and atomic theory to understand how atoms form matter and chemical behavior. Read more

Hand-drawn periodic table sketch on notebook paper highlighting the major elements of life (H, C, N, O), secondary elements, and trace elements with handwritten educational annotations.

February 5, 2026February 5, 2026 Biochemistry Chemistry

Elements of Life: Periodic Table and the Building Blocks of Living Matter

Learn how elements, the periodic table, and trace minerals form living matter and affect human health. Read more

January 26, 2026 Cancer

Blinatumomab in B-ALL: BiTE Structure, Mechanism, Resistance & Trials

Blinatumomab is a first-in-class BiTE immunotherapy for B-ALL. Explore its molecular structure, T-cell redirection mechanism, resistance pathways, and clinical trials. Read more

Bacterial transformation using Heat shock method

January 24, 2026 Cell and Molecular Biology

Bacterial Transformation Using the Heat Shock Method

Learn bacterial transformation using the heat shock method with clear steps, principles, applications, and lab relevance. Read more

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